Comparing Codes of Ethics Essays - 895 Words

Comparing Codes of Ethics The American Counseling Association and the American Mental Health Counselors Association Codes of Ethics both provide guidance and direction in making ethical decisions for their members (ACA, 2005) (AMHCA, 2010). Both the ACA and the AMHCA Codes of Ethics cover a wide range of moral and ethical situations that could present themselves to mental health professionals. Both of these codes of ethics have significant impacts on the counseling profession. The tools provided by these codes of ethics ensure that mental health professionals are able to conform to the regulations set forth. They address common concerns from varying points of view. Understanding these codes of ethics is essential to all mental†¦show more content†¦According to the AMHCA Code of Ethics, 2010, Section III.9, Commitment to Students, Supervisees and Employee Relationships, the primary obligation of supervisors is to monitor services provided by supervisees to ensure clien t welfare. (p. 16) According to the AMHCA Code of Ethics, 2010, Section I.A.1.a, â€Å"the primary responsibility of mental health counselors is to respect client dignity and promote client welfare.† (p.2) Both codes of ethics have parallel stances when it comes to acting ethically in the benefit of the client’s interest. Supervisory roles are crucial in the development of counselors and ensuring the welfare of clients. Code Violations and Counselor Record Keeping Even though there are many similarities between the ACA and the AMHCA Codes of Ethics, there are also some distinct differences. One fundamental difference is the process of code violations and the way they are addressed. A second prominent difference is in the way the codes address counselor’s record keeping. According to the ACA Code of Ethics, 2005, H.1.b, â€Å"Counselors assist in the process of enforcing the ACA Code of Ethics. Counselors cooperate with investigations, proceedings, and requirements of the ACA Ethics Committee or ethics committees of other duly constituted associations or boards having jurisdiction over those charged with a violation.†(p.19) According to the AMHCA Code ofShow MoreRelatedComparing Code of Ethics584 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Codes of Ethics Comparing Codes of Ethics The similarities between the ACA and the AMHCA code of ethics, they both providing training, guidance, and direction in making ethic decisions for their members (ACA, 2005) (AMHCA, 2010). The ACA and AMHCA codes of ethics cover a wide range of ethical and professional situations common to the practicing professional. An example of not having the correct training in multicultural counseling is in the case study of â€Å"Allison: The Case of theRead MoreEthics in Action1278 Words   |  6 PagesComparing and Contrasting the Code of Ethics Aquila Mahdi Counseling 501 Liberty University February 26, 2012 Dr. S. Sadik Abstract This paper will attempt to examine the code of ethics from the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC). It will take a look at the differences and similarities shared between the two organizations, respectfully. It will examine confidentiality, dual roles and sexual intimacies. Comparing and ContrastingRead MoreSocial Work Ethics And Personal Ethics1489 Words   |  6 Pages Social Work Ethics vs Personal Ethics Shacoya Collins Indiana University 13 October 2017 John Fitzgerald Kennedy once said, â€Å"One person can make a difference but everyone should try† (John Fitzgerald Kennedy Quotes 2005). Everyone can be a change in someone else’s life, if they set aside their own beliefs to help someone else who may have different beliefs. Comparing my values to those of the social work code of ethics will show the converging and diverging between the two withRead MoreRequirement of Certification for Higher Education1115 Words   |  4 PagesMachinery (ACM) have issued a Code of Ethics. The ACM code is available at HYPERLINK http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics http://www.acm.org/about/code-of-ethics. Review this code, and explain at least two overall advantages and two disadvantages or limitations that you see with this code. In identifying the advantages and disadvantages, try to think in terms of the code overall not specific parts of it. Professional organizations need to have a Code of Ethics to define the cornerstones ofRead MorePublic Relations Institute Of New Zealand Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand the reasoning of this elaborate definition it is best refined into three sections. This essay hereby endeavours to critically examine the PRiNZ definition of Public Relations against various models of both Public Relations communication and the ethics employed when exhibiting them. Examples from contemporary New Zealand will clarify critical assessment. The first part of the definition describes a â€Å"deliberate, planned and sustained effort†. This idea is best developed when looked at in termsRead MoreSocial Welfare Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesNASW and IFSW is that they have the same layout but a different format being that there are in two different areas of the world but still serve to the need of the people. NASW has four sections that consist of the Preamble, Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics, Ethical Principles. Ethical Standards and the IFSW has five sections the Preface, Definition of Social Work, International Conventions, Principle, Social Justice, and Professional conduct. When taking a look at the NASW you see that it is theRead MoreAccounting Ethics Essay example619 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bible and Accounting Ethics The Bible and accounting have numerous similarities when it comes to ethics. First, let us take a look at the definition of ethics; â€Å"ethics are the beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior† (Wild, p.8). Therefore when comparing the two we are able to distinguish certain verses in the bible, with the code of ethics in accounting that are recognized in the accounting industry or any industry at that. There areRead MoreThe Ethics And Integrity Of Two Research Articles1139 Words   |  5 Pageswill analyze the ethics and integrity of two research articles. The first article, Social Networking and Professional Ethics: Client Searches, Informed Consent, and Disclosure (Harris, Robinson Kurpius, 2014). The second article, Child Rights as a Framework for Advancing Professional Standards for Practice, Ethics, and Professional Development in School Psychology (Nastasi and Naser, 2014). The standards and key portions of the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of Ethics (2010) of eachRead MorePersonal Statement : Professional Identity808 Words   |  4 Pagesover step her professional boundaries towards a friend of a critical injured patient. In this article Holland used external references from P Muskin’s Clinical guide to Countertransference: Current Psychiatry article published in 2009 as a means of comparing the practical way of handling a person in a time of grie f compared to the unnamed Louisianan nurse who had over step many boundaries. Holland had conducted interviews and many colleagues of the nurse who said she had â€Å"acted in a completely unprofessionalRead MoreHuman Resources Management Principles For A Profitable Professional Service Organizations865 Words   |  4 Pagesproject management principles compared to operations management principles. Each of these management principles include different criteria, but play a vital role in running a successful business. I will also cover the importance of establishing a code of ethics for a profitable professional service organizations. Human resources management (HRM) and operations management (OM) have been thought as very separate fields. â€Å"The shift in the U.S. economy toward the service sector and away from manufacturing

Black Like Me Sociological Terms - 1088 Words

Lindsey Brown Final May 9, 2012 Black Like Me Black Like Me is a non-fiction book written by John Howard Griffin about what a black, middle-aged man has to go through every day in the Deep South. To find out what it is like to be a Negro, Griffin changes his skin color to that of a black. During his experiences, Griffin keeps a journal and that is what this book is. Black Like Me is a journal of Griffins feelings, experiences, pains, and friends. The setting of Black Like Me is intensely important. The setting starts out on October 28, 1959 in Mansfield, Texas. The setting in Black Like Me is so important because if the setting is any other place than the Southern United States then the plot is†¦show more content†¦He then goes off his medication entirely, permanently returning his skin color to white. He returns home to his family and writes his article, which is published in March 1960. After the article appears, Griffin is called on to do interviews with prominent television shows and newsmagazines. The story of his amazing experience quickly spreads around the world, and he receives a flood of congratulatory mail. In Mansfield, however, the prevalent attitude is that of racism, and Griffin and his family becomes the subject of hateful reprisals. An effigy of Griffin, painted half white and half black, is burned on Main Street, a cross is burned in a Negro schoolyard, threats are made against Griffin, including one to castrate him. By August, things are so bad that he has decided to move his family to Mexico. The reason I chose this book was because the title jumped up at me and my curiosity was aroused. I wanted to find out more about it. I was also drawn to the fact that the book was based on a true story. True stories interest me a lot and I instantly knew that I wanted to read this book. I also noticed that the book was a best seller and sold thousands of copies. As I read this book I’m glad that I choose it because it broadened my perspective on racism and the lengths that an individual is willing to go to in order to personally experience or understand a situation. This book has clearlyShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Imagination, By C. Write Mills1409 Words   |  6 PagesWhen C. Write Mills talks about the sociological imagination, he is saying that it is the capacity to understand that individual life is complexly intertwined with events and issues present in the world. Sociological imagination can range from subjects as simple and everyday as hygiene, to something more serious such as racism. In terms of hygiene, there has been a rise in amounts of desire for state of the art hand sanitizers in schools, resulting from the Swine Flu epidemic of 2009. Similarly,Read MoreMy Sociological Imagination Started Influencing Me A Lot1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Sociological Imagination† can be defined in various contexts and in different ways depending on the situation and surroundings. According to most researchers, the definition of the term varies from case to case. Due to different scenarios and observations, most researchers have failed to apply a single definition of the term. However, after studying a number of cases, there is a general definition that we can associate to this term, i.e. the interaction of one’s mind and its experiencesRead MoreSociological Imagination By C.wright Mills1623 Words   |  7 Pagescontinually to examine it and interpret it. (Mills, 1959, p. 216) Sociological imagination by C.Wright Mills can be defined as addressing social problems by relating the individuals personal trouble with the way society is organized and structured† (Tepperman Albanese, 2014,p. 2). Sociological imagination is the ability to see things socially and how they interact and influence our daily lives and each other. To have a sociological imagination, we need to be able to pull ourselves away from the situationRead MoreI Am Applying Intersectionality And The Sociological Imagination1080 Words   |  5 Pagesintersectionality and the sociological imagination to my intersecting identities: class, gender, and ethnicity. By employing intersectionality and the sociological imagination, I am analyzing how my positionality affected my personal experiences while connecting those events with society. I also included five peer-reviewed articles as supporting evidence. Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw is an African American scholar, civil rights advocate, and law professor who developed the term intersectionality (Merriam-WebsterRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective On Medical Conditions1687 Words   |  7 Pageslimited to using an individual’s body and pathogens to explain poor health. On a different note, the sociological perspective takes on a different approach to explain medical conditions. The sociological perspective focuses on the external influences, rather than then internal influences, such as the social environment, institutions, and relationships to assess and explain illness. The sociological perspective contains the following theories to support its assessment of illness and they are: stigmaRead MoreSociology in Everyday Life Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial life. Everyday life and sociology are definitely two distinct terms and situations, but they hold a close relationship. While sociology studies human interaction, every day life consists of everyday human interaction. Everyday life is filled by human beings interacting with one another, institutions, ideas, and emotions. Sociology studies the interactions with all of these and shows how mere interaction resulted in things like ideas and institutions.    Everyday that you wake up andRead MoreIs The American Dream True?1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdidn’t have the chances I did because of the unfair role the society takes on class, race, and gender. Just from taking this class, Sociological Imagination, for a few weeks now has opened my mind up to a bunch of questions but mainly, why? Why society have to be the way it is? We are all humans and nothing is different other than race, gender, and social status. Sociological Imagination is the quality of mind, the way of thinking that sees the impact of social forces and social content on an individual’sRead MoreRace And Ethnicity Are Affected By Stratification938 Words   |  4 PagesMany people including me before I took this class thought they were the same thing. Racial groups are a group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. An example of this is I come from Somalia but in the United States my race would be defined as black or African American. Ethnicity or ethnic groups are groups set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. An example of this is although my race is defined as black or African AmericanRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesThe Sociological Imagination The human attitudes have always been a curiosity that captivated most of the great social theorists like Karl Marx, Engels and Durkheim. One of the most unhumble attitude of the humanity was Racism and stereotyping. The racial issue even in the 21st century continue to be a subject that still is present and significant even though we tend to say that racism and other forms of discrimination are prohibited by law and illegal still even in the US theRead MoreYour Blues Aint Like Mine Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesIn Bebe Moore Campbell’s, You’re Blues Ain’t Like Mine, I was able to view the novel from the three main sociological perspectives: the structural-functionalist approach, the social-conflict approach, and the symbolic-interaction approach. From the structural-functionalist point of view, I analyzed the Honorable Men of Hopewell as the power elite. I viewed Mamie Cox’s understanding of social class from the social-conflict perspective, and Doreen and Lily Cox differences were easily seen through

Gated Communities in Istanbul Free Essays

The background Istanbul is one of the outstanding concern, Cultural, tourer and transit hubs in Europe every bit good as the Middle East which besides contributes 22 per cent of Turkey’s GDP with 17.8 per cent of the national population. ( 21 ) The economic activity is rooted geographically and historically as the instance with many planetary metropoliss. We will write a custom essay sample on Gated Communities in Istanbul or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the Ottoman period, Istanbul has been the major metropolis in term of societal moral force and economic activity. In The wake of the Second World War, the industrial capital throughout the patriot and develop mentalist clip with experiment of big inward migration. The rapid enlargement is chiefly through spreading outwardsgecekonducolonies near the mill on the traveling borders of Istanbul which displaced the manifestation of the aureate age of informal urbanisation. Whereas, with the debut of the Neoliberal scheme which started from the 1980s, it has entered into a new phase that the shot of nation’s integrating into supranational capitalist kineticss is focused on Istanbul. ( book ) At that period of clip, the luxury upper category residential country and globalising commercial infinites spread outwards of the metropolis ; Meanwhile,gecekonducolonies have continued to turn. Thus, the great disparity of income, wealth and power deepen in Istanbul as the city expressed i n spacial segregations ( book ; keyder2005 ) It could reason that planetary capitalist economy is the beginning of centralisation and backdown for the form of growing. In the recent decennaries, Istanbul has been considered by Turkish capital and province as a supranational regional economic Centre, assisting Turkey to take a farther measure into internationalisation and planetary capitalist economy as the fiscal hub for the East and the West. ( ppt ) To implement the acceleration, the Istanbul Metropolitan Planning ( IMP ) was established by the JDP authorities. There are two indispensable purposes for the planning authorization ; the first is to deconcentrate the fabrication industry towards outskirts of the built-up country. The 2nd is to transform the cardinal metropolis towards finance services, up-market ingestion, so traveling the growing of up-market utilizations from the outskirts to the Centre. ( book ) These transmutation besides led of import functional alterations in the cardinal metropolis like Emine °S ? Which was the city’s oldest concern centre now lost its production and service maps but act as great touristic and cultural roles.17 The chief intervention for the spacial restructuring is through large-scale urban renovation which including the three big havens at Zeytinburnu, Haydarpasa and Galata are for trade centre. Meanwhile, the new bomber centre is located in the outer of both sides of the metropolis to suit the lower degree and more local commercial activity to guarantee the cardinal metropolis to be available for high degree concern sectors. The internationalized utilizations for renovation of cardinal metropolis proceed partially on empty land in the cardinal metropolis which owned by the public authorization. At the same clip, the IMP has seen a ‘rent gap’ in rundown residential countries with hapless dwellers so in the interior metropolis, these countries are targeted as major planned regeneration undertakings. First, be aftering in the country where the historic edifices in metropolis centre that occupied by the cultural minority of all categories who were expelled in the 1920s from the state by the nationalist government. Second, be aftering in the country where thegecekonducolonies built by immigrants in the past 50 old ages which means they are composed to travel out. Before, these dwellers who work in these countries are largely employed in informal service sectors and small-scale economic improvisation in the cardinal metropolis. Even more worse, because of the planetary crisis the unskilled occupat ions are difficult to happen for support, the impairment of poorness happens with the cultural and societal background of recent migrators like Kurdish migrators, the Roma population of Sulukule, African refugees. Therefore, without rubric to the land, these people are unable to take part in the increasing market-oriented lodging economic system. ( rhenium ) The menace is non merely for the income polarisationa?† a?- but besides it affected societal, cultural, and spacial exclusion and possibly a lasting sub-proletariat. ( Re ) For illustration, in recent regeneration undertaking in the Sulukule territory which is one of the oldest Roma vicinities been occupied by Anatolian Gypsies since Byzantine times will replace the edifice with Ottoman manner Villa. It is the MHA led undertaking that propose a 100 edifice are to be demolished with all 620 the renters are evicted. The two options is either to purchase new flat at a high monetary value or purchase societal lodging units in the outskirts of the metropolis at below- market rates but it is 45km off, therefore it become truly dearly-won and hard to entree to employment in the metropolis centre. The other similar regeneration projectikucukcekmece, to bring forth tremendous residential developments which close to a new planned commercial growing country in the outer West of the Istanbul. The MHA has constructed a immense increased denseness of 100,000 lodging unites with ingestion infinite. ( book ) However, the MHA demolished old 2000 homesteader colonies which move the proprietors to societal lodging in less valuable countries. The poorest tenants were neglect when they couldn’t pay the monetary value for the provided units. ? ? ? Thegecekonducolonies are consolidated. The Mass Housing Administration participated in this development by concept high-rise residential units for low income groups in outskirts of the metropolis and some of the Original occupants could go forth the old vicinity and take for middle-class residential developments. Alliances happened for the last 15 old ages and profited from the development. As a consequence, the metropolis could stop up with an tremendous bubble of extra existent estate ( 49 ) ? ? ? ? ? In Istanbul there are more than half illegally edifices where big population growing was accommodated on these productions of colonies. For the terminal of populism it demonstrated that land had eventually become a commodityiREi?†°which of course become favourable for guess as more and more land was pulled into the market sphere. However, the planetary moving ridge of bad investing in these tremendous developments make up one’s minding the spacial enlargement of the urban metropolis. ( 49 ) In the 1980s, the earlier stage of the planetary vision was chiefly driven by the Turkish beginning pudding stone capital. The new unit of ammunition of urban globalisation is non merely driven by existent estate but besides a cultural undertaking. However, it could still reason that the renovation docket to turn metropolis infinites into the profitable Assets ; meanwhile, to accommodate the demands of spread outing wealth or for touristry, for commercial utilizations. ( 49 ) The planetary Investors are attracted to the quickly increased consumer demand for high-quality lodging, commercial apace and cultural touristry in the most profitable country. ? ? ? ? As a consequence, It can be seen in a 5.5 km2 big renovation undertaking, maestro planned by Zaha Hadid, in the Kartal territory along the Marmara shore which hosts 100 industrial mill. The former Mayor of Kartal had indicated the program to pull US $ 5 billion from planetary investors to develop a yacht marina accommodating 1,000 boats with Hotels, place and residential country. These sort of transmutation rely on the confederation of national and local political purpose and economic involvements, moreover it is besides depended on the graduated table and range with planetary capital entered the metropolis. ( 49 ) The comparative economic alteration is the world that modern urban developments have homogenized edifice signifiers. The standardisation has progressed because of the edifice can be globally traded which are every bit the same in all topographic points. The societal effects of standardisation is the consequence of homogeneousness in reinforced signifier affects segregation it is efficient to build full communities destined for certain societal groups. 12 Gated communities appeared in Turkey in the 1980s as of import undertaking of urban transmutation and enlargement in the metropolis which driven by an progressively powerful existent estate market and accepted by political relations and planning. This advancement is non merely altering urban and architectural forms in the metropolis but besides the deduction on the societal and economic constructions at the vicinity degree. ( web ) For illustration Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk, as a innovator of this manner of development in the 1990s existent estate developers discovered the potency for the up market lodging development. Therefore, more than 30 gated communities have been built closly. As a consequence, the population increases from 1,500 in 1993 to about 20,000 in 2008 with increasing land value. ( ) The country has been transformed into an island among islands with necessary web of economic, societal brushs which connect Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk’s apparently the fragment into an incorporate economic whole.i5i?†°However, the gated communities still consequence on crystallisation of the class-based spacial segregation. Istanbul is acknowledged that has a proper system of public conveyance constitutes to counter the immense menace to mobility by planned expresswaies, widened roads and introduced new traffic lanes. However, it could make farther divisions and destruct the city’s delicate vicinity construction. The original street forms of theGecekonduand yap-sat territories, with their complex societal and micro-economic constructions, and lively street activities are being replaced by the new vicinities which dwelling of monolithic blocks with high-rise flat towers. Besides, a big Numberss of diverse population are forced to go considerable distances for plants and even basic demands that farther consequence on the mobility on all degrees. How to cite Gated Communities in Istanbul, Essay examples

Business and Company Law

Questions: (a). Advise the directors whether they are liable for breaching the insolvent trading provisions of the Corporations Act 2001. Also advise whether they have any defences available to them if they have in fact breach the insolvent trading provisions. (2). Advise the directors and other officers whether they have any liability for signing off on the 2015 financial accounts. (3). Advise what is the liability of Mr Smith for his actions leading up to the voluntary administration of XYZ Co Ltd? Explain what law might apply to Mr Smith and whether he has breached any duties owed to the company committed any offences. Answers: (a): Mr. Smith is a retired director of the company named XYZ CO Ltd. He was not appointed as a director for the present year, 2014, however, he continued to attend many of the business matters within the company and is regularly part of the business meetings to advise and mentor the new directors. In return, Mr. Smith receives a consultancy fee for his work and the new directors generally follow the advice of Mr. Smith in the way in which they should run a company. The company was recently audited and the auditors and directors of the company with the recommendation of the companys CFO, Brian, signed off the financial accounts in the year 2015 as true and correct. However, at the end of the year 2015, it was found that the company was unable to pay its debts and the company was held insolvent for the year 2015. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is whether; the directors are liable for breaching the insolvent trading provisions of the Corporations Act, 2001. A company is considered as a separate legal entity and it has the same rights and powers like that of any other normal person. This means that a company can borrow, enter into contracts and sell or buy its assets[1]. Every company has a director and the directors of the company should remember that the company owns their property, the company is responsible for paying their debts and the money that is invested by the company is for the repayment of their shares. Hence, it may concluded that a company is a separate legal entity[2]. Sometimes it may so happen, that directors are not formally appointed however, they continue to act as directors this is called shadow directors. In this case, Mr. Smith is considered as shadow director. He also discharged most of the duties as the director of the XYZ Company. Shadow directors can be held liable for breaches of the laws relating to the duties of the director, even though they were never appointed as a director of the company[3]. The first s cenario invokes the provision relating to insolvent trading. Insolvent trading is when the directors allow their company to earn debts when the company had become insolvent. The liquidators can hold the directors liable for payment of the debts against the directors of the company the moment liquidation begins. A director may he held personally liable for the payment of the debts at the time when the company became insolvent. A company may be declared as insolvent when it cannot pay its debts. According to section 95 A of the Corporations Act, insolvency means a person who is unable to pay their debts the moment it becomes payable and due. Section 588A of the Corporations Act, 2001, deals with, how directors can be held liable for insolvent trading. According to section 588A, it is the duty of the director to prevent insolvent trading within the company[4]. A director can be held liable for contravening this section when the directors knowingly allow the company to incur the debt wh en they were aware of the fact that the company was insolvent. Hence, in the given case scenario if we apply section 588A of the Corporations Act, the directors of XYZ Company can be held liable for breaching the provisions relating to insolvent trading. The directors also signed off the financial reports without proper assessment and made a declaration that there is no scope that the company was insolvent. The defences that may available to the directors in this case as per the Corporations Act are as follows: The directors had all grounds to believe that the company was solvent. In this case, the directors may use this defence, as the CFO audited the company and made a financial report stating that all the records of the company are fine[5]. A competent, reasonable person produced all information that made the directors belief that the company was solvent[6]. The director had a good reason for not taking part in the management of the company at that particular time. The director took all the reasonable steps to prevent the company from earning debt; this includes attempting to appoint a voluntary administrator for the company that had become insolvent[7]. (b): Following the facts that is stated in answer a, it was noted that XYZ Company was recently audited and the directors after proper recommendation of Brian had signed off the financial accounts declaring it as true and correct. As per the Australian Company Law, it is the responsibility of the company to file and lodge financial reports with the ASIC and the reports should contain a column wherein the declaration can be made from the director. This is particularly in regard with the financial report of the company. The declaration that is made by the directors includes: That, in the opinion of the directors, the company shall have all means to pay off their debts as and when they become due on the company[8]. That, the statements that are made by the company comply with the general accounting standards and performance of the company. If the company is listed then the directors of the company have to make a declaration that is to be provided by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Executive Officer (CFO)[9]. It is the duty of the director to ensure that each of them have proper duty, skill and diligence in understanding the financial report that will be disclosed to the public. It is the duty of the director to ensure that each of the clause contained in the report are fair, true and correct as to the knowledge of the director[10]. The director has the duty to ensure that the financial report that is issued is fair, and reasonable and correct. Section 314 of the Corporations Act, 2001 a company must report to all the members of the company at the end of the financial year, which shall be made in accordance with sections 1AA or, 1AE of the Corporations Act, 200[11]1. According to section 314 of the Act, a company has to produce a director report, auditor report or financial report at the end of the year. The role of the audit committee plays a very important role in making sure that the audit quality or financial report of the company is fair and correct. However, the establishment of the audit committee does not affect the responsibility of the director in ensuring that the report was correct and fair. The director have the responsibility in ensuring that the CFO and the CEO of the company are qualified enough to have established roles while issuing the financial reports of the company[12]. The directors also have to ensure that the financial reports comply with the records of the company and comply with the basic accounting standards. Hence, it is expected that directors have the basic knowledge of the accounting standards and principles. If a company is a listed company then the declarations that are made by the CFO and CEO should comply with the financial accounting standards of the company. The directors of the company are considered as important watchdogs of the company it is believed that they have sufficient knowledge about the accounting principles and standards of the company. The directors of the company should be educated, they should be updated about th e accounting principles and standards, and that the financial reports have met the requirements of the Corporations Act[13]. In this case, the CFO is considered as the main head of the financial industry, he is expected to have expertise in the field of financial industry and hence it is a general belief that he has the best knowledge of the companys financial details. In this case, it was expected from Brian to understand when the company was going to become insolvent and at the right time, he should have informed the directors about it. Hence, it was the responsibility of the director and the CFO to ensure and make proper financial report of the company. The directors and the CFO of the company should have ensured that the financial reports are correct before signing off on the 2015 financial accounts. (c): It was noted that at the end of the financial year, the company was not able to pay a number of their debts and that Mr Smith on behalf of the company, negotiates with the creditors for an extension of time to pay back what the company owes. However, in the beginning of the year 2016 the company declared voluntary administration. It was discovered by the external administrators of the company, that the company has sold some of their very valuable property to Mr Smith below the market price before his retirement as a director. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is the liability of Mr Smith and his actions that has led to the voluntary administration of XYZ Co Ltd. A voluntary administration is, when the company is assisted with the help of a qualified administrator, to improve the financial position of the company and to get the company back on its feet. The voluntary administration happens with the help of the creditors. If the voluntary administration is linked with the action of Mr. Smith that happened even before his retirement then he should be held liable for buying the assets of the company for a lesser price. Mr Smith can be held liable for breaching sections 180 to 183 of the Corporation Act, 2001. This section contains the general duty of the director[14]. According to section 180 of the Corporation Act, 2001 a director should exercise their power and discharge their duties using diligence and care. The directors of the company should act in good faith and should ensure that none of their acts affects the company in a way that causes their downfall. According to section 181 of the Corporations Act, 2001, the directors of the company should exercise their rights and powers that act in best interests of the company and for a good purpose[15]. The directors under no circumstances misuse the power that is endowed on them. The directors are restricted from misusing their powers in such a way that is helps them in taking advantage of their position and use them for their personal benefit. According to section 183 of the Act, a director should not act in a way that causes detriment to the company and to the other members of the company. The final two sections deal with the civil obligation of the directors. If the Court determines that the act of the director has violated the civil liability then the Court may order civil penalty to the directors. In the same way, if after due determination it is seen that the directors violated their duty that amounted to criminal breach then the court may pass an order of criminal action against the director. The Court may pass an order for a criminal action against the director if the director recklessly failed to discharge his duties as a director[16]. This means the capacity of the Directors in infringing a given power is determined with the extent of the breach committed. In the given case scenario, Mr Smith can be held liable for breach of his duty as a director because he bought the property of the company at a lower price than the market price and he used the property of the company for his personal gain or advantage. Hence, Mr. Smith can he held liable for breach of his duty as a director. References: Bromley, Macaire. "Special report on the Productivity Commission's review of restructuring practices in Australia."Governance Directions67.8 (2015): 471. Frankel, Susy, and Megan Richardson. "Limits of Free Trade Agreements: The New Zealand/Australia Experience."Intellectual Property and Free Trade Agreements in the Asia-Pacific Region. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. 315-333. Godwin, Andrew. "Teaching Transactional Law-A Case Study from Australia with Reference to the US Experience."Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L.16 (2014): 343. Gray, Anthony. "Development of good faith in Canada, Australia and Great Britain."Canadian Business Law Journal57.1 (2015): 84-119. Hanrahan, Pamela F., Ian Ramsay, and Geofrey P. Stapledon. "Commercial applications of company law."COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPANY LAW, CCH Australia Ltd,(2013). Krever, Richard, and Peter Mellor. "Legal Interpretation of Tax Law: Australia."Legal Interpretation of Tax Law (Amsterdam: Kluwer, 2014)(2014): 15-45. Krever, Richard, and Peter Mellor. "Legal Interpretation of Tax Law: Australia."Legal Interpretation of Tax Law (Amsterdam: Kluwer, 2014)(2014): 15-45. Marginson, Simon. "Is Australia overdependent on international students?."International Higher Education54 (2015). Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. Morrison, David, and Colin Anderson. "Is corporate rescue a realistic ideal? Business as usual in Australia and the United Kingdom."Nottingham Insolvency and Business Law e-Journal2015.3 (2015): 417-435. Semple, Noel, Russell G. Pearce, and Renee Newman Knake. "A Taxonomy of Lawyer Regulation: How Contrasting Theories of Regulation Explain the Divergent Regulatory Regimes in Australia, England and Wales, and North America."Legal Ethics16.2 (2013): 258-283. Stubbs, Wendy. "Investigation of emerging sustainable business models: the case of B Corps in Australia."Available at SSRN 2464758(2014). Taylor, Madeline. "Wrestling with giants-a critical account of supermarket power and competition laws in Australia and United Kingdom."Australian Business Law Review(2013). Welsh, Michelle. "Realising the public potential of corporate law: Twenty years of civil penalty enforcement in Australia."Fed. L. Rev.42 (2014): 217. Wood, Azmi, and Jo-Anne Weinman. "Does law constitute identity? Indigenous allegiance and identity in Australia."Allegiance and Identity in a Globalised World(2014). Zeller, Bruno, and Bill Cole. "Australian Trade AgreementsA Divergence between Trade Policy and Business OutcomesCan They Deliver Trade-related Growth for Australia?."Global Journal of Comparative Law3.2 (2014): 236-255. [1] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [2] Marginson, Simon. "Is Australia overdependent on international students?."International Higher Education54 (2015). [3] Marginson, Simon. "Is Australia overdependent on international students?."International Higher Education54 (2015). [4] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [5] Marginson, Simon. "Is Australia overdependent on international students?."International Higher Education54 (2015). [6] Godwin, Andrew. "Teaching Transactional Law-A Case Study from Australia with Reference to the US Experience."Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L.16 (2014): 343. [7] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [8] Krever, Richard, and Peter Mellor. "Legal Interpretation of Tax Law: Australia."Legal Interpretation of Tax Law (Amsterdam: Kluwer, 2014)(2014): 15-45. [9] Krever, Richard, and Peter Mellor. "Legal Interpretation of Tax Law: Australia."Legal Interpretation of Tax Law (Amsterdam: Kluwer, 2014)(2014): 15-45. [10] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [11] Godwin, Andrew. "Teaching Transactional Law-A Case Study from Australia with Reference to the US Experience."Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L.16 (2014): 343. [12] Krever, Richard, and Peter Mellor. "Legal Interpretation of Tax Law: Australia."Legal Interpretation of Tax Law (Amsterdam: Kluwer, 2014)(2014): 15-45. [13] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [14] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015. [15] Godwin, Andrew. "Teaching Transactional Law-A Case Study from Australia with Reference to the US Experience."Transactions: Tenn. J. Bus. L.16 (2014): 343. [16] Miller, Roger.Business Law Today, Standard: Text Summarized Cases. Nelson Education, 2015.